1. What factors have led to fetal malformations in the entire course of the pregnancy, the fetus may be teratogenic effects in the original. In the first three months of pregnancy, most likely caused by fetal abnormality teratogenic original time. (1) drugs : about 2% to 3% of the known congenital malformations caused by the drug. easily lead to deformity of drugs, including male hormones, alcohol, certain antibiotics (such as tetracycline), anticoagulant, anti-cancer drugs. tranquilizers such. (2) the pollution : chemicals such as lead, mercury, it is common to both the original teratogenic easily lead to fetal growth retardation. the nervous system and intellectual barriers. This is common in industrial wastewater pollution in the river pollution, to stay away from pollution. (3) The radioactive material is a teratogenic former general chest X-ray irradiation, is not sufficient to cause fetal malformations. However, the cumulative dose of the more exposed parts of Vietnam or close to the womb, the higher the risk of malformations. (4) the caffeine content of coffee or tea and a computer monitor radiation, it can be lopsided, there was yet to be confirmed. 2. The relationship between maternal and fetal malformation medication general, the first two weeks after the formation of fertilized eggs medicine called "embryo sac period." This view is mainly in cell division and proliferation period. During this period by the impact of toxic substances such as drugs, often led to the death of the embryo sac, resulting in abortion. After four weeks of pregnancy (from the end of the first day of menstruation), the embryo has begun to enter the stage of differentiation. to the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, fetal organs basically completed. If during this period, as well as drugs that can often lead to adverse environmental factors such as fetal deformities. After 12 weeks of pregnancy, drugs or other negative factors, the main cause of fetal physiological function. In addition, the use of drugs during pregnancy duration of the medication and dosage is also important factors affect the fetus. As follows : l, early pregnancy. Inappropriate medication can prevent the embryo development. 2-4 months of pregnancy is fetal heart, the most critical period of development, the fetal placenta has been formed, drugs can enter through the placental barrier matrix caused malformation of the fetus organ dysfunction. can cause serious fetal death. 2 trimesters of pregnancy. Because most of fetal organs have developed stereotypes, even inappropriate medication will not cause deformity. it can lead to the organ dysfunction. This is because although the differentiation of fetal organs have stereotypes, but not perfect function, the lack of fetal liver detoxification enzymes. it function in the detoxification of drugs insufficient fetal blood-brain barrier permeability strong, and many drug easy to accumulate in the brain. Fetal kidney filtration function and the low, slow drug excretion. Prolonged drug accumulation in vivo; Lead to organ dysfunction, such as deafness, and so insensitive. Common drugs commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs as follows : fetal damage, gentamicin, Kanamycin may cause fetal hearing impairment. damage fetal liver function erythromycin, tetracycline is not only affect fetal liver function. can inhibit the development of bone and enamel hypoplasia, the drug may cause fetal methyl ammonia jaundice, thrombocytopenia, Fetal leukopenia chloramphenicol will have gray infant syndrome. Antipyretic analgesics aspirin, salicylic acid can cause fetal skeletal abnormalities, the lack of platelets and coagulation factors and jaundice. large-scale application of sedative phenobarbital during pregnancy, Mian Dole links, and stability which will enable intrauterine growth retardation; Chlorpheniramine. Diphenhydramine so that the shortage of fetal limb; Hormone drugs such as estrogen, progesterone. such as testosterone can cause genital deformities. Women who are suffering from high blood pressure should take antihypertensive drug use hydrazine benzene reached 嗪 not affect placental blood perfusion and other drugs, Reserpine inhibit fetal development, etc., should be banned. Pregnant women pil available purgatives, banned senna, rhubarb and other potent laxative, and so lead to miscarriage or premature. Some water yuan potent herbs, such as grouper sting should Jiyong. In short, less or no medication during pregnancy, the use of any drug, medication, strictly. Rational use and not abuse, to prevent harm to the mother. According to the medical drugs on fetal toxicity. will be divided into five specific categories (A, B, C, D, E). Which category A and category B drugs, the fetus has no obvious toxicity and teratogenicity of the role The drugs fall into this category of vitamin B, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin E, some commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin. cefazolin category, Erythromycin ointment, as well as the cooling of phenolic drugs such as paracetamol, "100 service Ning" acetaminophen and so on. Class C drugs, animal experiments have confirmed the teratogenic effect on the fetus, but because of the lack of controlled trials in humans. should use caution during pregnancy, the drugs fall into this category, where there are many rimifon, rifampicin, gentamicin, Aspirin propafenone, and so on. D and X drugs in animal and human experiments have clear teratogenic effect of such drugs, in particular X drugs Jiyong during pregnancy should definitely belong to this drug is antineoplastic agents, drugs or sex hormone contraceptives. and certain antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, Kanamycin other. Of course, drug toxicity or teratogenicity of the fetus, in addition to drug toxicity, with the pregnancy drug dosage and the number of days of continuous treatment and medication on time. Medication to affect the fetus of pregnant women, some of the doctors do not have the medicine Yi Gai. And some patients will expedite the timely treatment of pregnant women do not harm the body, in turn, will affect the fetus. Thus the need for careful treatment of pregnant women are unavoidable, should pay attention to the following eight principles. 1, the application of any drugs in doctors, pharmacists use under the guidance. 2, which could not use the drug. Can be used not use. 3, medication, try to influence the election with little or no damage to the fetus of drugs; as a result of long-term treatment needs to be some kind of drug can be teratogenic, should terminate the pregnancy. 4, avoid drug abuse or listen to "prescriptions secret," to prevent accidents. 5, to avoid advertising drugs or do not understand the new drug. 6, according to the treatment effect and minimize the medication regimen, timely reductions or withdrawal. 7, medication, we should pay attention to the packaging of the "anti-women, Jiyong, banned" words. 8, pregnant women may wrongly teratogenic or teratogenic medications should consult a doctor based on their pregnancy, dosage and duration of treatment, in conjunction with our own age and fetal inferior consolidated consider whether to terminate pregnancy. 3. Today, the use of medication for attention of pregnant women, with the knowledge of medicine, women are aware, breastfeeding should pay special attention to medication during pregnancy, but for the topical drug use, so some people do not pay attention. Relevant data indicate that foreign medication during pregnancy should be careful because some foreign transdermal drug can be absorbed into the blood. poisoning caused the fetus or nursing infant, the fetus or infant organ damage to the nervous system, which normally takes up the foreign administration : 1. Clotrimazole kill ringworm net : its composition is more for the skin and mucous fungal infections such as tinea corporis, cruris, hand, foot and ringworm. It is not only animals found in embryo toxicity, and breast-feeding women topical. drug secreted into milk composition can also, although there were no clinical adverse reaction reports and distortion, However, in order to have healthy pregnancies and births, the drug should be used very carefully. Miconazole Nitrate Cream : containing miconazole nitrate. Generally have local stimulation, if the skin more sensitive and susceptible to contact dermatitis, or local incentives scorch flu, erythema, peeling blistering so. If such a reaction when the medication should be promptly suspended to avoid aggravating or lesions of the infection. 2. Bang ointment (mupirocin) : a topical antibiotic ointment and skin infections in the wider application. But many experts believe that the best refrain from the use of the drug during pregnancy. Plaster because the body will be absorbed polyethylene glycol accumulation may lead to a series of adverse reactions. 3. Acyclovir ointment : an anti-viral drug for. Anti-viral drug is generally inhibition of virus DNA (DNA) replication However, the human cells also inhibits DNA polymerase, thus affecting human DNA replication. Therefore, the anti-viral drug for use in pregnancy should be careful. 4. Drugs for skin : more cortisol. These drugs also have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and if political urticaria, eczema, drug eruptions, such as contact dermatitis. However, the use of large-scale or long-term external pregnant women, infants can cause adrenal dysfunction. and pass percutaneous absorption and distribution of low-dose milk. In addition, these drugs can cause amenorrhea women, menstrual disorders, Chen childbearing women prefer. In short, during pregnancy and breast-feeding women is the use of oral drugs. or topical medicines should be carried out under the guidance of a doctor, the drug can guarantee safe and effective. 4. Chinese herbal medicines are not absolutely safe for pregnant women, since the "thalidomide" teratogenic fetus, Western medicine has discovered many people have an adverse effect on the fetus. Therefore, many pregnant women take Western medicines very cautious, but that using herbs safely. This is not the case in recent years, the genetic studies of gifted students, some herbs are harmful to pregnant women and fetuses. The herbs such as safflower, Zhishi, Puhuang, musk, then, is excited uterus, easily lead to fetal hypoxia - ischemia, and the result of fetal malformation dysplasia, causing a miscarriage, premature births and stillbirths. Rhubarb, mirabilite, Euphorbia, commercial land, croton, Daphne genkwa, pull cow son, euphorbia and other herbs, can stimulate the intestine. Reflex cause uterine contraction 100 lead to miscarriage, premature. Some herbs have certain toxicity itself, as Mylabris Health and the Southern Star, Monkshood, Aconitum, rupestonic, Its main, centipede euphorbia. Daphne genkwa, cinnabar, realgar, Euphorbia, commercial land, such as croton, which contains the alkaloid chemical composition and complexity Some may directly or indirectly affect fetal growth and development. Especially the first three months of pregnancy, in addition to anti-Western medicine, Chinese herbal medicine is also careful to avoid teratogenic. Realgar certainly have teratogenic fetal medicine, Oral pregnant women should be absolutely taboo. Cinnabar contains mercury salt permeability (mercury), in pregnant women can accumulate, leading to the newborn head deformities, deafness, strabismus, such as mental retardation. We should pay attention to the pregnant women, many of the toxic side effects of herbs, often in the form of proprietary Chinese medicines among formula. So be alert for proprietary Chinese medicines containing above 5294, marked a ban on pregnant women, anti medicines should be avoided. Of course, pregnant women should also ill treatment, not hate. Moreover, the thousands of species of herbs, after all, very few side effects. But when should doctors seeking to explain their pregnancy, asked the doctors to weigh the pros and cons, and to select safe without side-effects of drugs. 5. Pregnant women and anti-Chinese taboo classification 1. Medicine : croton taboos affect cattle son Mylabris, white lead, mercury, Euphorbia, musk, soil origin. centipede so. 2. Aconite : anti-drug, Liu sent a slave, Verbenaceae, pangolins, realgar, boron sand. Angelica : drug use alone is not the end, safflower, Yujin, Zhishi, Penang, honokiol, the bezoar, akebia, such as talc. 3. Taboo : Niuhuangjiedu proprietary Chinese medicine pills, limber Dan, Dan small limber, medicinal herbs, Liushen Pill, moves pill Dan SHUJIN HUOLUOXIJI Soviet cooperation Pill, Niuhuang Qingxin pill Zixuedao Dan, Dan black tin, cardigans with Pills, Angelica compound injection. Rheumatoid moves wine volatile small Cinnabar, zhen scattered Shixiaosan other. 4. Pogostemon cablin righteous anti-proprietary Chinese medicine : pills, fangfengtongsheng pill, thus pill Shedan Chenpi other end. This shows that pregnancy must take Chinese medicine, under the guidance of doctors use the situation to abuse, would lead to harm. 6. Administration of medication to pregnant women during pregnancy because of its special attention to the physiological changes Different formulations of the drug absorption can change. : Oral dose of oral medication is the most commonly used method of pregnant women. Pregnancy, and reduce the secretion of digestive motility of the stomach removed, so gastric emptying time was extended to 50 minutes from the normal 46-61 minutes, the time extension through the small intestine. The peak blood concentration of drug delay, and the volume has increased intestinal absorption of drugs. Intramuscular dose intramuscular drug : oral drug absorption is faster and more completely, but due to pregnancy lower limb blood circulation slows, delayed the absorption of the drug. Agent : Aerosol Inhalation Aerosol Inhalation drugs commonly used in the treatment of lung disease. Because pregnancy every minute ventilation and cardiac output increased 40% and 50% respectively. Therefore, the aerosol absorption increased significantly. Lotion : the topical drug Infriction, washing, inhalation, mouthwash and other pharmaceutical products, pregnancy skin, mucosal blood supply. speed up absorption, absorption, there are different degrees of increase. Therefore, pregnant women must not only pay attention to medication adverse effects of drugs on the fetus. According to the administration route should be different and appropriate dose of change
